NEW LISTINGS
HOE MONIES
IRON MONIES
CONGO COPPER
WEAPON MONIES
TRADE BEADS
MISCELLANEOUS
ANTIQUITIES & CRAFTS
REFERENCES: Numerous books are cited here, which you will find described and usually offered for sale on my Numismatic References: Ethnographic page. By far the most important reference is The Perfect Form: On the Track of African Tribal Currency by Roberto Ballarini, 2009. I am gradually adding B references to the listings below, so use it as a wish-list and search this page with B catalog numbers. Opitz's An Ethnographic Study of Traditional Money has photos and capsule descriptions of most items you will encounter, but lacks the depth many collectors wish for. Ballarini's earlier Traditional Arms has deeper coverage of Congo spear and knife monies, as do several specialized works. Akhan weights, not present in Perfect Form are catalogued in a number of hard-fo-find works, and bracelet (ring) monies are covered in much greater depth in Wilfried Glar's works. Very useful for Nigerian items are Eyo (impossible to find now) and Johansson. PS refers to articles in Der Primitivgeldsammler, journal of EUCOPRIMO and D refers to pricelists of Paul Dillingham, long-time dealer in Ethnographic monies. My standard answer to "How old is it?" is: "probably 1850-1950." If you want a better answer, you will have to do your own research. Scholarly works such as Quiggin, Guyer, Kriger, Herbert, and Rivallain (all women!) are good starts.
LINKS: John Henry collection: Well researched, and extensive; Museum of Making: Excellent public collection; Hamill Gallery: Extensive; some dubious as currency?; Hurst Gallery: Not cheap!; Africacurio.com, Roberto Ballarini's Gallery. Galerie Ezakwantu: Informative gallery site. African traders offer brass and iron items with clear decorative, religious, agricultural, or other functions as "money" and some of them probably ARE money, but without some scholarly confirmation of exchange use or wealth display, I pass them up or offer as antiquities.
PLACING AN ORDER I charge only the true USPS postal rates, no inflated handling charges. To order (or just inquire), copy and paste the entire line for each item into an email. I will respond with an invoice within a couple of days. Or click the ORDERING INFO link for more details. In a hurry? Glad to take your phone order: 425-369-1725 8:00 AM to 7:00 PM USA Pacific.
Ndoro Beads Conus (a mollusc) shells were introduced to East Africa by Arab slavers and served as both currency (like cowries) and status symbols, worn whole or cut in half, on the forehead by Shona Chiefs. "In the 1870s the British destroyed as many of them as they could find in British East Africa, because of their presumed links to opaganism. When crime greatly increased due to the lack of currency, they had porcelain copies of the shells made in Bohemia [in 1892 - Liu] with serial numbers on them. In time the Bohemians took the design and made glass copies . . . . " (Francis, P. Beads of the World p. 109). See also Liu, R., Collectible Beads p. 29, 42. Today the Masai and related tribes still value and modify by filing the more modern Czech glass copies. My specimens were collected from the Tonga Tribe of Zimbabwe and Zambia. 891b) 47-49mm wide $30; 891d 30-44mm wide $15; 891f) Tiny 12-13mm wide $2.50 Each or $2 Ea./3+
Large Mushroom Hoe This impressive type is attributed by Ballarini (B2.39) to Mambila and Chamba Tribes of Nigeria and Cameroun. Large iron sheet in mushroom shape with edge ridges on back of handle and arrow tip. Photos reduced, as it is 13" (33cm) across. Chunk missing from top. Only specimen I have seen. 459a) $135.00
Plateau State Hoe? Ekpo Eyo's Nigeria and the Evolution of Money page 51 shows three specimens very similar to these, but with pointed rather than socket ends. Wide piece is 11" wide; tall piece is 14" tall, shown at 50% actual size. Both with large chunks missing. 461) Either one: $40.00
Mumuye Iron Collar Heavy iron collars with varying, flaring elements at ends, from the Mumuye and Chamba of Eastern NIgeria. Ballarini notes rounded, single bar (B2.32), flattened double bars (B2.33), and intertwined bars (B2.34) varieties. I have my doubts about this entire series (See below). 308B) Fighting Antelopes motif on a rounded body, necklace 208mm diameter, 225mm between antler tips. Well-preserved piece $400; 308C) Socket & Arrow motif on rounded body, neckwlace 182mm diameter. Tip of arrowis chipped, light rust $325
Ethiopia Bracelet Brass cuff-shaped bracelets with extensive, simple etched ornamentation on outer face. One is 85mm across x 32mm wide, another 90mm x 25mm. Bracelets are common in west and central Africa, but these are the first I've seen attributed to Ethiopia. Age or money use unknown. 450) Each: $45.00
Ethiopia Oromo Bracelet Brass, ridged bracelet with gapped, curled ends. Inner facet is rough & slightly concave. About 75-80mm across ends. Supplier attributes to Oromo people. Ethiopian braceets are uncommon, and this is a unique style. 453) Each: $75.00
Ethiopia Oromo Collar Brass, ridged collar with simple etched ornamentation. Supplier attributes to Oromo people. A remarkably standrdized type, as the three specimens I have seen are very similar size and weight. Collar (necklace) monies are common in the Congo, but this is the only one I know for Ethiopia.
455a) 148mm across, 78mm gap, 41 oz., sharp condition $125 455b) 147mm across, 60mm gap, 40.5 oz., well worn $100
Ancient? Boat Anklet Large anklet in shape of a boat, oval with one pointed end, etched lines design. These came with a group of excavated items from the Jenne area. More modern pieces of similar shape are attributed to the Senufo of Burkina Faso. Two different available, 140-145mm (5.5") long, 17, 21 oz. 48) Each: $95.00
Quiggin Figure 34 Bracelet Partly hollow unbroken circle with plain, steeply bevelled sides falling to bordered snake pattern; wide casting seam interior. Closest item I've found published is Q p.98 "Uganda" though this may not be the same thing. D24 #ADN8. 187A 95-100m, 140-225gm, interiors 2.5 - 2.75" so wearable by some. Two examples shown $40; 187B) Without inner snake patterning & larger 105m, 300-425gm $50
Bells Cuff-Bracelet Nigeria, Fulani? Broad, gapped cast cuff with "corn-row" and circles/cosmos designs, and "Fulani bells" attached by loops. Can be bent and reclosed to fit on small to average wrists. Typically 40-60mm high x 50-60mm across. Sample pieces shown. Four bells on front, plus: 224a) Two more on back $23.50; 224b) 3 x Cosmos design on back $18.50
Excavated Togo Bracelet Copper brcelets of unknown age, from Togo rather than Jenne-Jeno where old bracelets of different design are found. Bands 13-17mm wide, with narrow gaps, 70-75mm across, with extenive design: raised bumps, half-Cosmos symbols, etc. Samples shown: I've left these dirty and crusty as found, but a wire brushing and oiling would make them look like museum pieces. 50) Each: Pair of matched bracelets $85, or single: $47.50
Proto-Manillas Nobody knows what inspired the distinctive flared-end torque form introduced by the Portuguese, but one candidate is the crusted, misaligned pieces shown in Johansson Fig. 2, excavated in 1964 at Igbo-Ukwu. 933f) This piece does not have ends as flared as those; compare to these, which weigh 1020, and 680 gms. Pitted red copper with green patina, 761gm. (shown above) $150
Sombe Penny Grooved iron rod with flattened ends of the Guro, Baule, and Bete peoples, Ivory Coast. Shorter than the familiar Kissi penny, with blunted, asymmetrical top, about 220mm (9") tall; B1.3, Opitz p.92 ("Buji"), Blandin, Fer Noir p.163 (in bundle). 307a) Classic form: bend at top prior to flattening leaves a stub at left: $30; 307b) Squared bend: little or no stub on left side $25; 307s) Set of varieties a and b (2 pieces) $47.50; 307c) Small bottoms: Most of the flattened bottom has been removed(?), leaving specimens about 10mm shorter than classic variety. Probably done during their period of use, as no fresh-metal breaks are evident, and tops are undamaged $15.00
Ibo Cult Spears Long, pointed iron shafts with variable iron and copper-wrap elements at top and bottom. Made by Akwa blacksmiths of southern Nigeria for the Ozo, or high priests of the Ibo peoples. Johansson, Nigerian Currencies, supl. p.13 notes that thy are "used by the chiefs of the Nsubi and Edo tribes for payment; extremely rare". (B2.5)
Kaduna Currency Knife Kaduna State, Nigeria. Supplier says it is a currency item; I can find no references. Openwork blades appear to be heavily worn and discolored aluminum, a white metal valued as silver until early 20th C. Shafts and end ornaments are iron. 493B) 25" (630mm), as shown, rather crusty $100
Early British Manilla Blowout I was able to buy a small hoard of Nkobnkob manillas, large pieces in the 150 - 225 gram range. If we assign the heavier, less flared Mkporo to the late Portuguese trade, these would be the earliest Birmingham products. They come in two distinctive varieties, round and oval foot. This group is heavily green crusted with some porous areas, but they can be cleaned. Roughly made compared to later types, they often have visible seams and flashing. 943) Oval foot, and 945) Round foot, normally $40 each, just $27.50 each or $47.50 for both. Mixed types, selected for variations in shape, weight, flashing, etc. just $17.50 each per 7 or more.
Sanga Cross: Larger sizes Shaba Kingdom, Congo. Small, early copper cross money
very irregularly cast in a rough H-shape excavated at Sanga, north of Katanga, reliably dated to 15-
18th Century. Herbert Red Gold of Africa p.186 notes that copper objects were
money in this region from the 9th C., with crosses known from the 9th-12th C and this type standardized by 1400 and found through the 17th C. . This is her type "B," p.188; Denk Der Primitivgeld-sammler 1985#3, p.3-28 Typ II - III. I have had the smallest (#383) before, but recently purchased a group of larger pieces with a continuous run of size and weight up to 58mm, 33.52gm, suggesting strongly that they traded by weight.
Class-1 c.1400-1700, Geometricals. I have included geometricals here which are clearly later. Pricing: 235a) $30; b) $25; 235c-e $20
Class-2 c.1400-1700, Engraved. Pricing: 236a) $35; 236b) $50
Class-5 c.1400-1700, Notched. Pricing: 237a-c) $20; 237d) $15
Class-7 c.1500-1720, Carved Rectangles. Pricing: 239a-c) $20; 239d-f $15
Class-8 c.1500-1720, Elaborated Carved Rectangles. Commonest of the Early Period classes, these are transitional between the simpler forms of Classes 6 & 7, and the Late Period weights. Pricing: 240a-c) $20; 240d-g) $17.50; 240h-p) $15; 240q-w) $10; 240x-ee $7.50
Class-9 c.1500-1720, Pyramids. Pricing: 243a-b) $17.50; 243c-d) $15
Late Period c.1700-1900, Larger / nicer pieces. Pricing: 244a-f) $20; 244g-q $17.50; 244r-ff) $15
Late Period c.1700-1900, Smaller / more ordinary pieces. Pricing: 245a-vv) $12; (Give second choices if possible!)
Late Period c.1700-1900+, Newer-looking pieces. Pricing: 246a-n) $9; (Give second choices if possible!)
Late Period c.1700-1900+, Engraved pieces. Etched & punched designs rather than cast; less worn, so I assume newer as a group. Pricing: 249a) $25; 249b-e) $15; 249f-p) $9
Figural Weights c.1700-1900+, 255a) Bird $60; 255b) Monument?, 255c) War Club, 255d) Cannon? Each: $30; 255e) Fan?, 255f) Padlock, 255g) Charm? 255h) War Shield Each: $20; 255j) Lost-wax animal?, 255 k) Lost-wax Peanut, ring-mounted Each: $20; 255L-p: Geometricals ring-mounted Each: $10
Sawfish A form associaated with the Baule, these are modern pieces: 258a) Small, crude, looped as pendant $2 Others shown are NOT AVAILABLE
Human Figural Weights Modern pieces made for collectors, though better quality than some. 50-60mm tall. Pricing: 259a-q, s) $6.50; 259r, t) $4; (NOTE: Only f, g, r, and p remain, others SOLD)
Ashanti Gold-Dust Scale (nsania) Ghana, Ivory Coast
ca.1700-1900, used with figural and geometrical weights to value gold dust, primary money item of
the Akhan (Asante & Baule) peoples. ±45-70mm concave brass pans with 3 holes at edges.
Well-used but intact pieces. Add string & a stick for a simple balance scale. 250) Pair of
"semi-matched" pans: 12.50
Ashanti Gold-Dust Shovel (famfa) Ghana, Ivory Coast
ca.1700-1900, used with figural and geometrical weights to value gold dust, primary money item of
the Akhan (Asante & Baule) peoples. Shovel-pan of distinctive shape to hold the gold for blowing
away dust, an important step before weighing. Brass, sometimes minor design. Length of each piece noted: 252a) 185mm $55; 252b) 165mm 3 cuts $30; 252c) 158mm $45; 252d) 149mm very small rough area $35
Twist Bochie As Barbot noted, the typical form is that of a single copper bar split along most of its length, then ingeniously twisted together to form a bracelet shape with the bar ends nested in the rounded bracelet ends. The bracelet ends overlap to varying extent. At least one writer believes this form mimics earlier twisted raffia (cloth) bracelets; arguably earlier bracelets from Jenne-Jeno include twist types. These facts and examination of the relative condition of the metals suggest to me that the no-knot types may precede those with knots. Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen.
Twist-&-Knot Bochie (Bracelet) As with the previous category, made from a single Calabar rod, spliced and twisted with rounded ends nesting the bar ends, but with a knot at top as well.
Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Twist-&-Knot Bochie (Armband) As the bracelets but generally heavier, wider diameter, and more overlap of ends. On some pieces the bar ends have been extended and flattended with designs etched on flattened ends and knot.
Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Twist-&-Knot Bochie (Collar) Similar to the bracelets and armbands, but open and wearable as a collar. Much more often than the other forms, these are found brown (= cleaned in past, or not buried) and asymmetrical, indicating that they were actually worn. They are easy to bend, so can be re-rounded. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Twist & Knot Bochie: Compact Largest of the twist-and-knot Bochie. These are found both compact / symmetrical and open / asymmetrical, suggesting that the compact form is for storage, but some pieces are opened out and worn. Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Calabar Coils (Copper) Probably Nigeria, Cross River region 18-19th Cent.? European "Calabar rod" wire coiled for wearing (or storage?) by the Africans. Darkly patinated copper (not brass). Chart below shows wire gauge (thickness) in mm; outer diameter in mm, and weight in ounces. Taler shown for size is 40mm.
Calabar Coils (Brass) Probably Nigeria, Cross River region 18-19th Cent.? European "Calabar rod" wire coiled for wearing (or storage?) by the Africans. Darkly patinated brass, looks much like copper but does not develop red & green patches. Chart below shows wire gauge (thickness) in mm; outer diameter in mm, and weight in ounces. Taler shown for size is 40mm.
Clabar Coils (Small) Thin gauge (6mm) brass Calabar rod, generally 4 coils, outer width 70-80mm. Missionary and ethnographic money dealer Paul Dillingham advises they were used in French Cameroun in the 1890s; he saw them listed on old invoices of French trading companies. Much more common than coils of wider-gauge wire. NOT WEARABLE SIZE 72) Typical pieces: $18.50; Pair $30
Irregular Coils Calabar rod is generally smooth, rounded, and of even gauge. The rod in these pieces is rough and uneven. This suggests either older Calabar rod, or a product of African smiths. Also, one or both ends are tapered, suggesting either a pinching as the wire was drawn to a desired length, or filing. Chart below shows wire gauge (thickness) in mm. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen.
Nja Thin-gauge brass Calabar wire loosely coiled for leg wearing. Just as Eyo p.64: "Brass spiral coiled manilla Nja from Ugbahu in Igboland." (Igbo = Ibo, south Nigeria & Cameroun).
Nja / Mondua Hybrids Three interesting pieces which link Nja, Mondua, and Calabar coils. These recreate the bulbous-end Mondua pieces using thinner gauge rod (as Nja) or pre-existing coil units.
Mondua Copper Calabar rod of thick gauge with bulbous ends tightly coiled in legband form. Generally attributed to the Yoruba of Nigeria, whose word for money is Mondua. An impressive item, and one possibility suggested as the inspiration for the bulbous-ended manilla. The asking price on these pieces has been going up sharply lately. Opitz p.215 ( 2 pcs. upper right).
Repaired? Mondua Dirty and heavily patinated, but a classic example of the Mondua, except that two spots show old repairs, or possibly joins where shorter segments were put together. One of these joins (below right of penny in scan) is now loose so tht the three end coils "flop" when not lying flat - but do not come loose. Could be soldered, or positioned so the break would not be evident in display. 360L) 17 coils, 10" tall. $125 
Yoruba Mondua My name for this category which uses the Bochie-style intertwined split Calabar rod, rather than a single thick rod, to construct a set of stacked coils with broadly flattened ends. A. Fisher in Africa Adorned page 104 says "formerly worn by the Oba of Ife." (King of the Yoruba). (B2.12a-c), Schaedler p. 328. Denk (1986) shows a piece from Uyo (city). Measurement height x width; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Iron "Mondua" Iron rod coiled into legband form. The ends have been flattened and Mondua-style heads made of anomalous materials attached. I have seen many copper Monduas, but only these three in iron. All are deeply rusted, and the anomalous heads appear quite old as well. Something interesting is going on here, but these are not attractive pieces so I have priced them cheaply. 368c) Classic Mondua dimensions: 24 coils of 9mm gauge iron rod with two lead heads attached at ends. 12" (31cm) Tall, 4" (10cm) Wide. $165; 368a) Short & wide piece, 9.75 coils of 13mm gauge iron, 190mm (7.5") tall including head of black plastic or "bakelite"x 125mm wide; 7 Lb (3.17 Kilo). Head is chipped at bottom, but still securely held. $125.00; 368b) 9.75 coils of 13mm gauge iron, 185mm (7.25") tall x 120mm wide; 7 Lb (3.17 Kilo). Ends flattened and upturned, but no heads attached. $85 
Congo Mitako? Coiled thin-gauge brass wire, heavily patinated. Ballarini (B4.35) quotes numerous sources on the importation of brass wire of varying gauge into the Congo. Symmetrical piece of 20 coils, 6.5m gauge wire, 6" (150mm) tall, 41 oz.: $55
Early British Manilla Possibly Dutch but likely the first Birmingham type. "Nkobnkob" type as
identified by Johansson. Largest manilla found in circulation hoards and visually distinct from later
types. Ends sharply flaring producing roughly rounded but asymmetrical footprint. 75-76m across by
77-85m, 11m gauge, 160-225 grams. Nkobnkob are often found roughly cast with flashing at the
seams 18th Century or earlier. Green color. 945a) Largest specimens
$40.00; 945b) Slightly smaller specimens, 130-160gms $25.00
Middle period British Manilla "Onoudu" as identified by
Johansson. Similar to Nkobnkob, but smaller, 65-71mm across by 72-75mm, under 80-120gm, 8-9m
gauge, often showing casting seam. Large, broad footprint. Probably 18th Century. Green
color. 946) Larger specimen: $13.50
Late British Manilla Birmingham. Relatively small, light piece,
possibly an Okombo or Atoni as identified by Johansson. Average 55mm across, 60-80gm. Very
similiar to type found in the Duoro wreck, dated to 1843. Brown or green
color. 970/2) $9.50 
King Manilla Forged & etched Copper crescent with flared, roughly rounded feet. From Nigeria, according to the Africa Traders. Weight and size are not standardized, but for 37 specimens checked, range is 59-118 oz, avg. 84.4 oz., and size is typically about 11x5" (275x125mm). Probably a store of wealth, possibly burial goods or bride price, and not likely an exchange object. Although frequently found with the Traders, this type appears to be unpublished. Opitz (2000) p.215 and Eyo, Nigeria and the Evolution of Money p. 49 show faceted pieces of similar shapes.
Queen Manilla With a visible seam, these are Cast
(vs forged), Brass (vs copper), elongated-C shapes with splayed feet distinguish what I call Queen
(vs King) types. Generally lighter and more ornamented than Kings. From Nigeria dnd region, according to the Traders. Johanssen, 1967, cover (both), Eyo p.61 (both?); Ballarini #2.8, Opitz (2000) p. 214 top. Judging from wear, I think they are newer than the King types. The decorative elements and better condition make them more popular in the art market.
"Prince" Manillas This is my name for smaller, lighter pieces in the standard C-shape with swollen ends.
"Working Queen" Manilla Copper,
crimped crescent shape with flared, bulbous ends, eight facets. No etching. Probably the
commonest large manilla "type." Opitz p.214.calls it a Prince, worth 50 ordinary manillas, and it
appears to be a working bullion piece rather than a ceremonial item. The weight range is just about
the average for the Handa ("Katanga") Cross, and I suspect there is some relationship between these
two forms. Could these be recast crosses?? Ballarini (1998 p.5) & B5.64 attributes it to the Jonga, Nkutshu &
Mongo peoples of the Congo Dem. Rep. 31-35 oz (±8.8-9.9k), 8" across.
Usually squared profile, but occasionally bowed, as shown. 355)
$100
Onganda Manilla Jonga & Mongo Tribes, Zaire. B5.59.
A small (150m) piece was worth 10 Belgian Francs in 1950. Darkly
toned brass with four flat facets and slightly bluging square ends, hatching design along ridges. I
have broken into arbitrary categories. Lighter ones are less thick, but do not look much shorter. Definitely your best buy in a large Manilla!
353E) 56-69 oz, 10.5 - 11.5" $110; 353G) 44-55 oz, 10-5 - 11 inches, still impressive $75
Nkutshu Bullion Bracelet Heavy cast copper bars bent to ring shape with numerous hammer marks on surface. These are identifiable among similar crescent forms by the redness of the copper and characteristic black patina, probably the result of burning or oiling. See Der Primitivgeldsammler 1992 vol.2 as Nkutshu (Tetela, Hamba, Onga) or North Kasai, Zaire; B5.60. Weights (63,74,84,88,97,107 Oz) indicate they traded by weight rather than unit. 330A) 60-80 Oz specimen, typical piece shown. 85.00.
Mbole Hollow Legband Large, spherical red-copper hollow rings
made by the Jonga (incl. Nkutshu, Mongo, Mbole), Congo River region. Ballarini lists five named
denominations by size, though observed specimens are quite variable in size and weight. Used in dowry. B5.58; Opitz p.201 The largest "A"
size are about the size of a soccer ball. 335C) "Diako"? 145-
160m, avg. 2 lbs. Smallest size $65; 335B ) "Ambi"?) 170-185m 2.5
-3 lbs $90; 335A) "Ehuke"? 230-250m, 4-4.5 lb Largest regular size
$115 NOTE: I have just purchased some "perfect" specimens which have NO cracks or dents. Prices: C) $100; B) $150; A) $200
Konga, Jeanpierre Heavy legband made by smiths of the Mongo, a large central Congo tribal group in earthen kilns using a wooden press and shapd by a log; worn by women to display husband's wealth. Also called Jambiére meaning shin-guard or legging in French. Toned brass. Larger specimens have a "collar" etched at each end,. B5.35, Opitz p.201-02. Extensive article in "Der Primitivgeld-sammler" 32/2, 2011
Available specimens:
Congo Legband: Mongo (small) Small versions of the heavy Jeanpierre cuffs of the Mongo peoples. Apparently unpublished in this size. Ends are irregular from removal, but could be fixed with gentle pressure in a vise. 350b) 1 Kilo (35.5 oz), 95 x 100 x 86mm Symmetrical with bends in edges $75; 350c) .9 Kilo (31.5 oz), 95 x 100 x 86mm Asymmetrical from removal with bend in one edge $65
Congo Legband: Bokonga (Konga) Roughly cast brass open crescents with textured flat interior and (usually two) prominent recessed ridges. Following DeBoer, B5.27 attributes to Konda, Kundu, Ntomba, and Bobangi tribes. Normlly found open rather than crimped as Ballarini's example. Ugly, and unpopular with collectors. 120-140mm, 13.5 - 19 oz. 354a) $22.50; 354p) Less usul 3 or 4 ridges $35.00
Congo Legband: Likonga (Konga)
Cast & forged brass closed crescents with flat interior. Exterior with edge rims and two very prominent recessed ridges. Following explorer accounts of the 1920s, B5.29 attributes them to Ngata, Kutu, and Kela tribes. Usually found with green patination, they look like copper. 356C) Large, 16.2 Kilo (3 Lb, 4 oz), 135 x 120 x 45mm Some nicks, casting roughness, soil, bits of green patination $125.00; 356D) Medium-size specimes, 31, 34, 42 oz., Generally 115 x 100 x 45mm Specimens available: a, b, c Each: $75.00
Congo Legband: Ngombe & Budja
Cast (& forged?) brass closed crescents with rough, flat interior (tho may be found opened after removal). Exterior bulged ridge with numerous fine ridges. Smaller examples could be armbands / bracelets. B5.109 & see B5.135; Ngam p.27. Usually found with green patination, they look like copper. 360c) Large, 2.32 Kilo (82 oz), 105 x 95 x 60mm Attractive, symmetrical example $150.00; 360d) Large, 2.18 Kilo (77 oz), 115 x 98 x 63mm Symmetrical example but wuth metal (solder?) adhesions one side (looks like soil) $75.00; 360e) Medium, .85 Kilo (30 oz), 90 x 80 x 52mm Symmetrical with open gap, but well worn, so lines at top of ridge are blurred $50.00; 361a) Variant: Narrower body and ridges diverging at ends. See B5.136. 1.09 Kilo (38.5 oz), wide 122 x 105 x 48mm Slightly asymmetrical with open gap, and casting crack. Stands up nicely on longer end. $85.00
Budja Armband Forged brass rod beaten to crescent form with rounded top and flattened, elongated ends bearing etched parallel lines. B5.149 attributes it to this tribe along the River Itimbiri. Six specimens seen are asymmetrical indicating removal from long-term wear, probably as armbands. 365c 25.5 oz, 115mm tall $85; 365f 15 oz, 113mm tall Nearly symmetrical $65
Ngelima / Mbole Arch Heavy, impressive brass pieces cast as rounded arches, thick in the center and thinner at the ends. Ballarini (1998, #75 & B5.150) attributes them to the Ngelima of the lower Ituri and the Mbole of the Lomami, and peoples in between (Zaire). These are harder to find now. 339n) 7 Lb. (3.2 kilo) 7.5" (192m) across Usual seven facets across top. Crack in end and side (scan shows) plus another much smaller other end, mentioned for completeness as neither affects integrity of piece. 225.00
339p)
6 Lb 10 oz, 6.5" (165mm) across. Significant engraving on top and cuffs and highlighting the faceted top. $325
339q) 7 Lb 5 oz, 6.75" (175mm) across. Significant engraving on top and cuffs. $325
Congo Squared Collar / Legband A distinctive, heavy type with fairly consistent form, size, and weight. Ballarini (5.34) attributes to Mongo and Ngandu, " . . . come from Ingende and Bokatola, two villages (south of) Mbandaka city, situated along the . . . Congo at the Equator . . . ", while Africaandmore.com call it Mbole. Brass, about 5.5-6" across, about 8 Lbs; four of seven specimens have a ridge-&-circles pattern on exterior, 3 are plain. Could be a legband or collar, but none show interior wear so probably intended as a bullion object. Size given across/height/width. 
Iron Bell Anklet Large circular piece with two (larger) or three
(smaller) hollow enlargements containing an iron ball clapper, circular iron rings dangle between
enlargements. Produces a lively clatter when shaken. Dillingham (D23#62, $65) attributes it to the
Welle Tribe, Middle Congo, ca. 1880. Blandin (FN p.160 #1) to the Kafo people of Burkina Faso for
the "Going of the Masks" ceremony. As with any functional object, one must question the extent to
which it served as a monetary item. 395) Larger pieces 120-170m. Some rust, nicks.
$37.50; 395s) Set of 3 different sizes, number of bells, etc., chosen for variety & quality: $85
Benin Bracelets Toned brass fancy bracelets in the style of old Benin brass. Made early 20th C.?? Knob-stand and two female figures on top. 630a) Kola nut & rope design on sides, 14.5 oz (part hollow), 110mm across, sharp condition $85.00; 630b) Snake & rope design on sides, 27 oz, 110mm across, some wear $125.00
Fulani Bracelets Attractive copper or bronze Bracelets with faceted ends similar to the old tuareg manillas. Mostly 115-120mm wide, around 24 oz. 239) Rounded ends: $55.00; 238) Faceted ends, raised copper plugs inserted in facets. Scan shows worst piece with missing plug and graffiti "AL" (which is present on two specimens!). Will send you best available: $85.00
Biu Division Bracelet NIGERIA, Bidda Tribe. Well-cast, consistent
fancy manilla-like brass bracelet. Wide crescent, flared ends with distinctive ornamented cuffs.
Johansson Nigerian Currencies p.44a, Opitz p.280, D24#45. One of the most attractive of
cast bracelet types and one of the few attributable to a tribal
group. 206a) 85-105m x 9-11m thick, 150-256gm
$27.50 206c) 63-77m x 8-10m thick 85-150gm $17.50
Senufo Boat Anklet BURKINA FASO, Senufo Tribe. Shaped like a
high-prowed, broad canoe, smooth and well made brass with knotlike design on one side. Fisher
Africa Adorned p.127 shows it on the ground in front of a Senufo soothsayer with two coins
during a consultation with the spirits. Blandin Bronzes et autres alliages p.78-9 notes that it is
worn by both men and women as an anklet. I've been lucky in obtaining a large quantity of this type
and can offer it for less than Dillingham did in the 1970's. (D23#84, D19#48, etc.) Opitz p.281.
194a) Large: (shown) 160-200m long ±570-900gm
$45 194b) Medium: 140-180m long ±350-500gm
$35 194c) Small: 120-160m long ±60-200gm
$24.50 194d) Set of three sizes in roughly 1:2:4 weight ratio, though I
don't think any denomination sequence was intended $89.50 
Fancy Bracelet Possibly from the Gurunsi cultural region of Ghana & Burkina Faso (See Glar 4/60). Hollow cast brass with raised design elements at ends, ridged wheat or leaf pattern one end, other end plain. Diameter 80-100m (outer), 65-90+ (inner). Most are dirty, and slightly asymmetrical with small interior cracks. Being hollow they are somewhat flexible and can be bent a bit to fit over hand or wrist. 172) Each: $23.50; Set of 3, different designs & sizes: $59
Bangles Plain bracelets of 60-100mm diameter, usually brass, sometimes crescent and sometimes closed. often flattened on a side for stacking. These are made from 4-6mm gauge wire traded from Europe in late 19th - early 20th C. They seem to come out of both west and central Africa. Travellers' accounts refer to "bangles" and bracelets, so that's the term I've adopted for these generic pieces. 300) Single piece $6.50; 3 or more selected for different size, gauge, etc. $5 each.
Iron "Elephant Hair" Bracelet Thin gauge iron cast in a "wrapped"
pattern with true wire wrappings forming the double knot typical of elephant hair bracelets. Supplier
says the elephant bracelets imitate these but I would guess it's the other way around. Old-looking,
light rust. ±70mm across. Wearable by small hands 378)
$7.50
Ivory Bracelet Quiggin (p.98-100) mentions Ivory, along with slaves
and cows, as the main money in the Uganda - Lake Victoria region but suggests that only the tusk
form was money. Ivory workers were in the employ of the King and ivory objects were usually owned
by royalty. Ivory, gold, and slaves were the main commodities sought by Europeans and the impetus
for much of the exploration of Africa. W. Glar Afrikanische Reife: Der Grunshi-Kulturkreis p. 36-37 discusses and pictures several specimens, indicating they are from the Northern Ghana - Burkina Faso area . 400C.1) Thick, slighly oval specimen, 400gm, 85x105m outer diameter, 56m width. Bone white exterioir with interior slightly orange from natural and applied oils on the arms of the wearers. As shown $175;
400M.1) Another, 135gm, 62x73m outer diameter, 48m wide $65
Dorome Token Cast brass ring used as fare tokens for donkey
carts, Dorome Tribe, Nigeria. According to Dillingham (D26#28) the drivers turned them in to the
Chiefs, who held the concession, and were paid in bracelets. Thus an ethnographic token rather than
an ethnographic money, and possibly unique as such? 226a) Hatched or ridged, fiarly uniform size 3.50;
226b) Plain, variable size. Some are worn "ridged" pieces but I
suspect these are an earlier, plainer version 3.50 226t) Set of 3 varieties: Ridged, cross-hatched, and plain: $7
Dorome Belt Spaced on a leather strip, the
belt served as a badge of office for the cart drivers, about 60-70 pieces per belt. Older, smooth rings. Sample shown. 226s) $125
FAKE Yoruba Collar This is an absolutely ridiculous copy of the much-sought Yoruba collar - roughly cast, squared, and partly hollow it barely resembles the originals. See B2.4, Opitz p.281. Purchased as part of an Africa Trader's entire stock. 323X) 9" diameter $50
Ingombe-Ilede Cross Large "Katanga" cross with raised rims from
the Ingombe Ilede / Chedzurgwe culture complex (northern Zimbabwe) of the 15th-16th Century,
according to Herbert Red Gold of Africa p.186-187, p.188 Type G. I can also furnish
references to more exhaustive articles in German and French. These pieces are intermediate in age
between the tiny Sanga crosses and the common Handa type, and are rarely on the market. Type
388 appears to be unpublished. The size and weight of these is impressive if you have seen only the Handa types. Stock is sold out, but if you are interested at $350-$600, please advise.
Handa Cross Best-known Katanga cross type, X-shaped, top side textured from cooling metal, bottom side smooth with a ridge at the juncture. "Puddle cast" from a sand mould in the ground. Produced for the Lomami &
Kasai & traded as far as the Angola coast, probably ca. 1800s-1920s. Both a currency unit, unit of
account, and an ingot for casting bracelet money (Herbert p.191); see the "working Queen" manilla for an intriguing weight relationship. From
two sources I have recently bought 100+ pieces, an unusual opportunity to weigh, measure, sort, and
categorize this important bullion money item. 395D) Larger than average specimens: 223-238m (8.75-9.25"), ±880-1020gm $75
Handa Cross: Half Unit? Most Handa crosses
fall in the 500-1000 gm range. These distinctive smaller pieces, which occur at a rate of about 2-3
per 100, are always symmetrical cross-shaped (vs. X-shaped) and from their degree of patination I
would judge them at least as old as the larger pieces. I think they are intentional half units,
but there is no literature on this. Length 160-180m (6.5-7"), weight 340-400 gm (12-14 oz).
395A) SAMPLE PIECE shown $85
- - - Variants This scan shows range of sizes, plus variants
which may represent earlier and later specimens, or crude regional variants. Prices: 395K $85; 395M -SOLD; 395P $75, 395Q-SOLD; 395V $50; 396A, C $100; 396M-SOLD
Mukuba Wa Matwi Copper bar with flared ends produced, along with the crosses, by the Sanga at Katangan mines, though much scarcer. Herbert quotes the explorer Livingstone (1858-64) as having seen pieces in the 50-100 Lb range . Opitz p.232; Herbert p.190. Ballarini (B5.110) says they are used by the Ngombe and notes that a 1925 work shows a brass trade imitation made in Belgium; B5.99 illustrates rare, early forms. 380D) 75 oz, 21.5" long $250.00; 380F) 36 - 48 oz, 19-21.5" long $165.00
Ngelima? Snake Copper Thick-gauge copper rod in broad, loose coils with a blunt or pointed tail and a bulbous head. Red
copper, slightly rough surface with brown to black patina, about 11-13m gauge, 5 to 6.5 coils, weight
3.5 to over 5 Lb, standing about 22-32" as found. Ballarini (B5.39) says from Iyembe tribe in Lake Leopold II region, called Kongo. See Opitz p.222-
23. A rather practical way of carrying and storing copper rod, as pieces will nest together, and are
flexible enough to be pulled or compressed to variable length. Typical examples shown full length are often asymettrical, but after some simple
adjustment, light brushing and oiling as in main photo (head only) these are mounted standing on
lucite bases as big ticket items in galleries. 425) $145
Boloko (a.k.a. Konga or Okanu). Heavy, U-shaped copper bar
with round feet. "They were made by the Nkutshu smiths who gave them to the Songo-Meno in
exchange for copper in its raw state . ." B5.65; Ballarini (1998, #68) and Opitz. (p.89) have much more info on this
well-documented money item. Quiggin p.68, Der Prim 1985/1. At least 33x18cm, 2 lbs. Little variation
among specimens. 435W Some chips on feet. 45.00; Almost no chips
(as inset) 435) 65.00
"Swollen Dowells" Songo-Meno, Zaire. Red-copper dowel with
rough hammer marks and a slight swelling at center, sometimes a slight "lip" at ends. For 35 pieces:
Length 20-25cm (8-10"); Weight 11-12 oz (310-350gm) clustering closely at 11.7 oz (332gm)
suggesting a definite weight standard. B5.63 as Tetela & Nkutshu; Althoff & Lux, 1995, p.26 #5; Opitz (p.134) 430s Set of long/heavy and
short/light 55.00; 430) Single piece: $30.00
Congo Figure-8s Unpublished? My supplier says they are from
Zaire and are published in a French-language book as money, but I have not been able to track it
down. Local name is "monnaie d'huites" or money eights. They do show wear on the outside
surfaces, and are a logical shape for carrying small bits of bullion wire. Brass (I have seen copper
also). Three sizes shown: 422a) 39-44m tall, 4m gauge, about 14g
$8.50; 422b) 50-66m tall, 5m gauge, about 25.5g $12.50;
422c) 39, 41.5, 44g SOLD
Ikonga (a.k.. Dikonga dia mpunga) Nkutshu Tribe, Zaire. Thin iron spear blade
with socket, but too thin to be functional. Written up by C. deBoer on page 53 of Der Primitivgeldsammler 1992/2. B5.75; Westerdijk
(1975) p.131 #H publishes a similar piece as speren-geld, also from Nkutshu and related tribes. Another seller calls it an "ekie" from the Bene of S. Cameroun, used until the 1920's. See
Opitz p.203 (Likonga), Kimpel p.30 #16. While hoe-derived general-purpose currencies are common
in Africa, spear-derived ones are uncommon. 9.5-10.5" long. Note some variation in size and shape
among specimens. 410)
Nearly intact specimens, each: 65.00; 410) Rust-damaged specimens, each: 25.00
Bakwele Dupa Iron hoe-like piece, part of the well-studied Zong/Mandjong currency system of the Bakwele peoples, Congo, called "Dupa." This piece broader than those illustrated in Ballarini (B4.30) and Opitz (p.168 as Jembe). 407) 12.5" (320mm) tall. Deep, stable rust, some chips $90
Lokongo Spade Ntomba& Ekonda, middle Zaire basin. Spade-
derived iron money item in triangular shape, used along with the better-known Shoka. Opitz
p.205. See Kriger p.98-104 for a discussion of these triangular Congo spades and their variability by
region. B5.166 calls it Shoka of the Mangbetu and Zande. 412c) 10x8", rusty with ragged bottom, (closed) crack in body
80.00
Anchor or Lance Money Well-known and impressive Zaire money
item, attributed to Bangala (Opitz p.102, Althoff p.30) and Lobala and Banja groups of the Ngbaka
people (Ballarini B5.145, Westerdijk, 1984, #123). 470g) 54.6cm Intact points $225 470e) 53.3cm (long
handle), Patchy rust and portions of "points" gone (see scan enlargements) $135
Anchor Money variant Well-known and impressive spear-derived money item, attributed to Bangala, Ngbaka, Lobala and others in Zaire. As Ballarini (B5.146) notes, this distinct variant is longer in both head and shaft, and the points at bottom are not curled. Specimens appear more rusted, suggesting this is an older form; it is definitely scarcer. 471a) 15.5" head and 15.75" shaft for overall 28.25" length. Chip in one side, otherwise intact but heavily rusted. $175
Narrow Hoe Crenelated interior with smooth top, tang for
attachment of wooden handle. B2.42 cited as Chamba people of Nigeria; Opitz (2000) p.159 top. I have several specimens, average 43cm (17") long.
They tend to be rather uniform as a type, but I can select a group of three for varying lengths and
form. 445) Rusty, but no flaws. (three different for $125); Each: $45
Spade Hoe Fairly smooth both sides, and much like a spade-
shovel. B2.49 as Mambila and Chamba peoples of Nigeria; Opitz p.158,
448) 25x17 cm Iron, rusty, but no flaws. $50
Round Hoe Round, bowl-shaped hoe with tang at 90° angle,
5.5-6" wide. B2.57 as Tangale & Hausa peoples of Nigeria; Eyo (p.52) says, "Iron hoe currency called sabow patanya (Hausa) used in
contracting marriage in Bauchi State.". Johansson (p.37 #6) says "Kwasunting used by the
Tangale tribe in Kaltungo. 50 Kwasunting were the normal bride-price. 5 Kwasunting were equal to a
small roll (4 inches wide) of cloth Kabadir-strip." One of the better-documented hoe monies,
though first I have seen on the market. 449) Rusty, soil encrusted, but
no flaws. (Note: Scan shows tang flat for visibility) $45
Scoop Hoe Smooth interior and top with long tang, and scoop-like
appearance. B2.41 as Chamba group i Nigeria; Eyo p.53 to "Kafanchan"
in Nigeria. I have several specimens, average 37+ cm. (17") long. 446) Iron, rusty, but no
flaws. $50
Ladle Hoe Spoon or ladle-shaped hoe with socketed handle and
striations on inner hoe surface as the "narrow hoe" type (can't catch this on a scanner). Both Eyo and
Johansson show similar types, but without the sockets. Typical examples shown.
454a) Handle about 11-12" (27-30cm), ladle about 6.5-7"
$60 454c) Handle about 11-12" (27-30cm), ladle about 4-
4.5" and less angled $50; Pair: $95
Kwanja Hoe Opitz (p.158) top calls it a double hoe money and cites
it as an example of a clearly non-functional object used as money. The most specific attribution is to the Kwanja of western Cameroun by Bravmann, though it was used by other tribes as well. B2.40, Opitz p.158, Schaedler (p.326), Johanssen (p.37 #5). Typically 26" tall, 4.25-5 Lb. and very similar in shape. (Scanned in sections,
please ignore the lines!) ALL specimens are rusty. I do not have a digital camera to make photos of
individual specimens. 463) Best condition: All four "points" intact, only
very minor edge cracking and at most very minor surface flaking. These are not
modern, mass-produced objects, so if you are seeking an absolutely perfect specimen, you
are seeking a forgery. Rest assured that a specimen in this class is as nice as you will find. Price:
$175 Second Quality: Minor blunting OR chipping on ONE point
OR one or more edge cracks extending no great distance into the piece. These are still superior
specimens and much more representative of the technology. Price:
$125 Third Quality: One point blunted or chipped AND more serious or
numerous edge cracks, OR a crack or rust hole that shows light through the piece. Still superior
specimens selected from a much larger group. Price: $95
Affo Shield Hoe / Monetary Huge iron "hoe" money possibly modeled on
European heraldic shield. Attributed to the Affo (Afo) people in NE Nigeria and SE Niger (F. Farr),
while Johansson (p.38) notes the Jos museum attributes it as "Ceremonial Hoe. Customary gift for a
bride's father. 1 hoe and 2 goats = 1 wife; 1 hoe = 1 slave. used by the Angas tribe in Wokos village,
Pankshin Division, Plateau Province. Made of locally melted iron." B2.64, B2.65 shows the conventional monetary shape with rounded bottom and broad, slightly sloping shoulders with squared points. NOTE: Scan shows a typical piece, as all specimens are virtually the same but for weight and slight differences in dimensions. 464h) 18 Lb, 29.5" tall including tang x 19.75" across points. Surface: Dark brown to black. Flaws: None $350; 464j) 29 Lb, 33" tall including tang, x 23.25" across points. Surface: Dark rust color. Flaws: None $475
Affo Shield Hoe / Functional Similar to the large monetary pieces but smaller, more variable form, and usually found flawed and worn. Almost certainly a monetary piece as well as a functioning hoe. B2.66 shows two differing examples. 464d) Small, conventional shape. 450mm (17.75") tall including tang; 372mm (14.75") across points; 3.17 kilo (7 Lb). Two extremely small chips at bottom (barely show in scan) otherwise intact with deep, stable rust: $200; 464g) Medium, Angle-top specimen with up-angled shoulder points 25.5" tall including tang; 18" across points; 10.2Lb. Surface: Light to dark brown, Flaws: 130mm closed crack near center including 10x4mm hole; several generally rounded edge chips/gaps, deepest 3mm $200
Bamileke Hoe (Cameroun) Large iron hoe, spade shaped, tang at 90° with folded arrow shape at end. B2.93 notes it was used by the Bamileke and Widekum of W. Cameroun; see also B2.49 without bend in handle Note the folded arrow is the same twist as the "Bangala Lance". 456) 30 oz.,blade 7.5x9", tang 5" long $95.00
Purr Purr Blowout B2.63; Used by the hill pagans around Gwosa, Plateau State, Nigeria, and worth 3d. in 1939 according to Johansson p.41; Eyo p.54, Opitz p.273.. Other Nigerian hoe monies are substantial; this is the most abstracted form. Thin sheet iron of 6.5-9" lengthwith a cloth-like textured pattern, crimped and angled to represent blade and socket. 326) Selected piece:
27.50; 326s) Three pieces differing slightly in size, shape: $59.50; 326w) Ten pieces including some rough or imperfect specimens $150 
Unknown Ladle Hoe Nigeria?, Large iron hoe or ladle, squared in rear, rounded in front, 12 oz., blade 7.5x5.5", tang 11" long, anagled from blade and looped at top. A functional utensil? 457) $85.00
Kissi Penny Twisted iron rod with flattened ends, made by the Toma of
Guinea, used by them and the Kissi of Liberia. Demonetized in British areas in 1940. One of the
best-known & affordable odd & curious monies. 10-13" B1.1, Opitz. p.179, Quiggin
p.92, etc. Free info sheet #105 with more history. 300) Selected for
length & completeness $3; 10 pcs, as they come: $17.50; Inquire for larger
quantities. 300C) From a different hoard, much heavier, longer
specimens 16-17" $9.50 300D) 14-15" $6.50 300s) Set of 3 different lengths (10-15") plus a
broken piece which according to belief has lost its soul, but could be restored by an ironsmith
$11
Dubil Squared iron bar with slightly flattened ends, rough, hammered texture, 14-15", 9-17 oz. Attributed variously to the Sukur, Gulak, and Yoruba. Johansson reports the introduction of iron currency bars by Europeans as early as the 16th century and a value of 13 for a male slave in 1704; also their recent use in the Madagali area (called Dubil, Duval or Li) as bride price. For blacksmiths they served as a form of ready bullion for making other objects. B2.30; Eyo p.54; Johansson p.36, 41-42; Opitz p.135 320) Selected specimen 32.50; 321) Flat Dubil Mixed indiscriminately with the Dubil were a few smooth, flattened pieces with splayed ends, resembling pry-bars (B2.31). A regional variant? 37.50
Tajere (Losol, Sasoreng, Saka or Taje). Iron bar with rough
diamond-shaped swelling at center & long, squared, textured ends, (not truly twisted as Quiggin p.87
specimen) 15-16", most 10.5-13 (range 8-20) oz. Made by the Fulani subjects Batta and Mumuye,
this was a tradable ingot form for recycling worn out iron tools. Johansson p.41 copies Quiggins'
drawing (p.87) & plate 1 #6, Eyo p.52 #2-4 from right, Opitz p.332, B2.23; see also B5.86 for a Congo piece with bicone shape vs. diamond. 323) 35.00
Idoma Tall, flat, tapered iron piece with textured surface, squared
at the end and flared to a triangle at top. Something like a giant Kissi penny. About 30+" tall. B2.50; Eyo
(p.50) as "iron currency from Dutsi District, Kaduna State (Nigeria)." A supplier says it is used by the
Hausa of Gongola (Yola) State, Nigeria. Kimpel (Althoff p.31) says Liberia. Regional variant
published by Rivallain (pl. VI) from the Ubangi River (north Zaire). See closeup scan of tops showing variation in triangle shape and front vs back
texturing, and photo of bottom variants, "A" being
by far the commonest. (Color in main photo is inaccurate.) Apparently a widely used item which
seldom came on the market until the 1990s. Though rather plain, these bring around $200 in
galleries when creatively mounted. 329A) Flat end
$69.50 329B) Twisted end $80 329C)
Twist and socket $80 329E) Twist and arrow
$100 329G) Twist and socket, bent to curve $145
Cicili Mali, Bambene Tribe, iron arrow-like object about 10".
Supplier says a currency object. Published in Fer Noir by Andre Blandin, p.180-181 as
belonging to the Mwaba of N. Togo, a human-form statuette for religious or divination purposes. Just
as his p.181 #4. After finding the Blandin listing I contacted a customer who had purchased one
advising that the divination use cast doubt on currency use, but his own African contact confirmed
they were Bambene and that he had purchased a large group in a Nigerian village where they were
acknowledged as money. 327) $55
Ensuba Bafia Tribe, Cameroun. heavy iron piece shaped like a
spike with a heavysquared iron head, or "potato masher." It is actually a blacksmith's hammer. 317b) Opening at side 1 Lb, 15
oz, 10.5" long $250
Blacksmith Tongs Not a money item but iron implements used in
ironworking. Probably Congo. 496a) Shown in scan, 395m longwith additional chain $45
(SOLD); 496b) Longer, 507m with chain attached to loops t both ends
$50
Liganda Famous sheet-iron spear-money of the Topoke on the
Lomami River, Zaire, well documented in Quiggin (p.64, Plate 1 & 4), Ballarini #66b. There are three
denominations, of height and width at bottom as follows: 585) Dihunga (Value-1)
150cx24c usual light rust, but no damage $75.00; 586) (Name
unknown) (Value-2) 163cx32c fully intact, light rust $125 587)
Doa (Value-3) 177cx37c. Prices range from $350 fully intact but short (167c) and broad
piece, $250, $200, $165, $125 depending on defects. No over-all photos, but partial scans available showing defect areas only. Shipment to North America only. $20 packing charge per order.
Kota Ax Gabon, 19-20th Cent? Long-bladed iron axe with iron
handle & iron wrap at base with projecting loop. ± 35-45c (14-18") tall. Ballarini (1998 p.16)
May be currency item, or "status weapon" (carried in parades & dances to show rank of
owner) 485) (shown reduced) $49.00
Throwing Knife Descended from the Tronbash of Sudan (itself a
currency item) the true throwing knife as weapon developed a characteristic and deadly form among
the peoples of plain and savannah, but served as a prestige and currency item in the forests,
beginning just above the Ubangi River, where knife-throwing is impractical. Among some tribes they
acquired breakable wooden handles and underwent a "devolution" of form to a straighter shape, as
neatly illustrated in Fisher & Zirngibl #176-178. As Quiggin notes (p.69, top) they were a true
multi-function currency between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers, among the Ngbaka, Ngbandi and their
neighbors (collectively "Bangala"). M. Felix in Kipinga locates this distinctive and early type of
knife at the confluence of Chad, Nigeria, Cameroun, and C.A.R. but notes that exact tribal
identification is difficult. He speculates that the "arm" added to the earlier I-shape was to stabilize
flight in the open grasslands. Art collectors prefer fancier throwing knives, hence this type is still
inexpensive. Typical example shown. Usual length about 24 inches. 577) SPECIAL:
$65
Variant:
Curved top "Bird head" variety. Specimens available: 577c.3) 25" length, cloth-wrapped handle. Nicely shaped head but rough ontop $75
Variant:
Hook Middle "Long curved blades with hook protruding from center. Specimens available: 579a) 28" length, rhook is attached to center $125 579b) 26" length, patterned handle, central hook grows out of shaft, not separately attached. $125
Kipinga Throwing Knife Descended from the Tronbash of Sudan (itself a currency item) the true throwing knife as weapon developed a characteristic and deadly form among the peoples of plain and savannah, but served as a prestige and currency item in the forests, beginning just above the Ubangi River, where knife-throwing is impractical. Among some tribes they acquired breakable wooden handles and underwent a "devolution" of form to a straighter shape, as neatly illustraed in F&Z #176-178. As Quiggin notes (p.69, top) they were a true multi-function currency between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers, among the Ngbaka, Ngbandi and their neighbors (collectively ".Bangala"). This shape is the "true" Kipinga (Felix Region VIII, Thomas
chart "N"), Zande region of C.A.R. & Zaire, south east portion of throwing-knife usage area. 575k) 15.25" (387m) tall. Rusted but decent condition $225; 575j) 17.5" (445m) Tall Seriously rusted. $145
COUNTERFEITS These two pieces are deeply rusted, but the edges are squared rather than tapered, and have a sharp feeling, showing no wear or use. Alone they are deceptive, but comparing them to worn specimens of more conventional shape they stand out. Closeup of one piece
Trombash Status and currency knife of the Mangbetu, Bushongo and other N.E. Zaire tribes, its form shows influence of throwing knives. Iron blade with fluid topknot and large circular holes. Felix #95, 96; Opitz p. 357-8; Quiggin p. 86; Ballarini #44-46. 526e) Waved top,, offset angle bottom, 3 holes. 13" (330m) tall. (Felix #95) $150
Kapsiki Axe Cameroun, Iron hatchet form with concave edge, topknot; welded-on iron handle with enlarged end. Likely a derivitive of the throwing knife or Trombash; Ballarini (B2.86) says represents a rooster head, sacred to the Fali tribe. Westerdiijk (Mabel #56-57) and Zirngibl (1983) describe as a status weapon. 527a) Typical piece, 15-16" (400m) tall. Sample shown. $65.00; 527f) Smaller piece, 14" tall, with leather-wrapped handle $65; 527p) Aluminium blade & handle, handle wrapped in leather. Aluminium was a valued metal before the extraction proces became cheap, and versions of other currency items in copper and iron turn up in this metal. 15.5" (400m) tall. $75
Symbolic Sword Monies Thin iron strips with slightly bulging "hilts" separating decorated handles from plain blades with rounded bottoms. Ballarini (B5.7) attributes to Lele, Kuba, and Bushoong tribes. Closeup of TOPS. 491b) 12" $45; 491D) 15.5" $55
Ngala Execution Knife Northeast Congo Iron
blade of distinctive shape with simple etched designs; wooden handle. Ballarini notes that these were
used in the "ceremonial" execution of enslavement and that 20 pieces made a dowry payment. One
of the largest, most elegant and best known of the Congo dowry knife series. Lght rust. Sample
piece shown. Ballarini #7,8; Opitz p.141; Fischer & Zirngibl #191-196; Elsen
#57, 148, 157. 523A) About 24-26"
$95
Luba Zapozap As Quiggin (p.63-64) notes, Congo axes were used
more to denote rank or office than as wealth display, though there are accounts of their use as
brideprice. Opita p.18, 20; See also Eyo p.33. This group Luba style, though less fancy than the
types published in collections. Elsen #443-445 & Fischer & Zirngibl #296-299 for similar
types. 479) Zapozap, about 15" tall, no serious defects Specimens available:
;479b) ;
;479c) ;
;479jd ;
;479g)
Each: $50
Kirdi Scythe Money From the Cameroun grasslands of the Kirdi come
thin iron imitations of scythes, money according to my suppliers' contacts there. Angela Fisher in
Africa Adorned p.135 has a great photo
of Podokwo Kirdi women displaying broad and narrow varieties in a harvest dance. Note also
similarity of the head to a throwing knife variant, the
twisted shaft to Kissi Penny and Idoma and the pseudo-socket end to an Idoma variant. 465) B2.85. 38cm (15") long. (Sample piece shown) $55; B>466) Variant Blade shorter, narrower, and shaft longer, flat. Average 26" (66cm) Sample shown $55 (SPECIAL: both types $85)
Topeke-Olombo-Lokele Elongated leaf shape, distinguished by blood grooves, an uncommon feature. This specimen with hole at base, typical of Nkutush-Tetela types. (B5.53), Westerdijk p. 112, lower left. 591a) 22.75", ragged edges. Scarce. $75.00
Ngbaka Elongated leaf shape with rounded (vs. angled) approach at base and subtle spine. (B-nl), Westerdijk p.109 #G, Elsen p.72 #26. 592a) 32.25", $100.00
Ngombe & Others Simple leaf-shaped iron blade with long haft. Blade and haft run 24-31 inches. Commonest type of dowry spar, also used by Ngbandi, Bati, Benge, Ngala, and Poto. (B5.117, 5.103?), Opitz p.313, right; Ballarini p.104 #61b; Westerdijk p.109-110 #H, J; Elsen #28, 202
Sakara-Ngando Elongated, triangular with rounded bottoms tapering at 90° angles. Also used by Kutu, Bole & Yela. (B5.117d, misplaced), Westerdijk p. 113 #G, Elsen p.212 #377
Nkutshu-Tetela (Rounded bottom) Vase-shaped with two circular holes at bulge in bottom, broad squared spine. Some with copper-wrapped shaft fragments. Blade length (19-25") given below with "+" dimension for partial shaft. (B5.76c), Opitz p.313v, Westerdijk p. 114 #I (3rd from left, bottom row)
Nkutshu-Tetela (Pointed bottom) Complex shape with atenuated tip, points at side, four (or two) circular holes at bottom, and broad, squared spine. Some with copper-wrapped shaft fragments. Blade length (22-30") given below with "+" dimension for partial shaft. Note: The side projections are usually a bit blunted. (B5.76a,b,e), Opitz p.313, Westerdijk p. 114 #I (bottom left)
Unattributed Simple leaf shape with prominent squared central seam, six holes at bottom, and concentric blood grooves (hard to see in scan). Most resembles the Nkutshu-Tetela types (B5.76) and Sakara-Ngando (B5.117d, misplaced). 604L) 9" blade, 3.5" haft plus partial shaft with copper wrappings. $85
Trade Bead "Collection" Strings Mixed strand of trade beads. A good way to build a collection of types which would be costly in full strings. Look them up in Dubin or other references. Strands about 25" circumference, variable number of beads. Multiple orders: I can select "different" strings, but there will be some overlap of bead types. 2+ strands either type, take 10% discount. Scans show multiple strings as samples. 651) Medium-value Trade Beads 24.50
Hebron Beads The heyday of trade beads was the 15th-16th centuries when Venice produced a wide variety for overland trade to Africa and Asia, and later the sea trade to a wider world. Bead expert Peter Francis in Beads of the World p.78 describes a more primitive bead produced during the Crusades "in Hebron near Jerusalem sometime after the twelfth century. They made beads there, using the salts of the Dead Sea as their alkali. Their glass was opaque yellow and green, sometimes blue and black. The beads were furnace-wound and were popular in Egypt and in sub-Saharan Africa." Nowadays, well pitted and often filed down, these beads can still be found in the Sudan.
536T) Colors set Yellow are commonest, green scarcer, and dark colors much scarcer. Set of nine beads, including 3 sizes/shapes of Yellow, a Green, a Blue, and a small cut-down bead, plus (not shown) three baby and "infant" sized beads: $22.50; 536S Yellow & Green beads alone $8.50; 536) Yellow bead $3.50; Graduated 24" strand of 49-52 yellow beads $69.50
536B) Baby Hebrons Shown with full-sized beads for comparison. Strand 25-26" of either baby or smaller "infant" size $29.50 per strand
Djenne Terracotta Djenne, Mali (S. of Timbuctoo), a trading center
at its height c. 1200 AD, these beads have been excavated in large quantity and reliably dated to
1200-1500 AD, preceding the use of glass beads in the region. Not known to be a trade item.
Strands include both tiny beads and longer tubes faceted as beads, v arious earth colors. Hundreds
on 18-19" (doubled) strand. 200) 7.50; Tied hank
of 100 17" strands, as sold in Africa, $250
"Dig" Beads Djenne, Mali (S. of Timbuctoo), a trading center at its
height c. 1200 AD, they are called "dig" because they are excavated. Tiny beads usually 3-4mm
across, some glassy but most very rough, some appear to be stone or shell. Not known to be a trade
item. 544) Strand about 12" long. $24.50 544m) Graduated strand of 2-10mm beads,
cleaned to brightness $45
King Beads Wound bicone beads in gold color with cross patterbm from Venice, c. 1850s-1930s and highly valued among the Akhan of Ghana. Picard (Vol. V, pl.26, strands 7, 13) quotes a note on an actual sample card "traded for gold." Similar to Quiggin's "Aggry" bead, front plate #8. A. Fisher in Africa Adorned shows a strand with a gold nuggtet pendant. Green, Black, and beads with variants of the cross pattern occur, but were less popular and hence rarer today.
213) Single bead, width 12-14m $2.75; 213s) Set of four sizes yellow, one each green & black (6 total); click thumbnail for sample set: $15;
Full strings available: 213a) 59 beads, classic pattern, avg. grade $115
French Cross Called Bodoum in Africa, yellow with cross of red,
white & black, similar to a King bead. Supplier says these were "used to buy gold.". Similar Dubin
70a. Similar strand brought $41 in my recent ebay offering. 519a)
Strand about 10" with 40+ beads $32.50 / strand
Padre Beads Chinese bead which travelled all over the world as
part of the Spanish silver trade. Best known in North America where they were popular with
Southwest US Amerinds, especially the turquoise blue color. Made ca. late 18th-early 19th C. by the
primitive winding process. 531tw) Strand of 11-12" turquoise blue or
white $15 Each; 531rgby) red, green, yellow, or translucent blue $16.50 each,
or take three or more strands any color except rarer ones below, $14.50 each.
. 531pnm) Scarcer
purple & black, pitch black, or translucent brown beads, each: $27.50
"Small Chevrons" A true Chevron is a high-value, multi-layer
bead. These are late period trade beads, 1800s-1900s from Venice, traded into Ghana. Generally
they have lengthwise stripes but there is a wide variety of colors and patterning.
568) Strand about 12" $10.00
White Hearts Venice, 1800s, one of the most widely traded bead
types - Americas, Africa, S.E. Asia. Early varieties were called Cournalene d'Aleppo and Hudson's
Bay Trade Beads. Named for the white core beneath (usually) red outer shell. Numerous varieties
(left to right in scan): 250) Early, large round 17m, rough, may have chips, per bead: 6.50;
251) Dark red, rounded, rough surface. Seen offered as Hudson Bay
trade beads dated to c. 1836. Strand 12" long SOLD; 253) Cane-cut
(barrel-shaped) red & yellow. Strand 12" long 17.50; 255) Small cane-cut,
about 2mm. Type traded to Thai Hill Tribes. strand 12" long.
12.50; 257) "Seed-bead"-sized, rounded, square-cut, 2-3mm (not
shown) 7.50;
258a) Rounded orange or red (your choice, red shown) beads about 4-5mm. Type traded
into Africa. Strand 10-12" long. 12.00 258b) Rounded blue beads,
mixed 2-5mm. Less common type traded into Africa. Strand 10" long. 12.00;
250s) Historical set with examples of above types, and more, as shown in scan (but without "core"): 24.50; 250T) Same set, with the "core" bead $29.50
Massai Beads A Venice-made small bead favored by the Massai of Kenya. Strands 10" each, mixed bead sizes, average 200 beads/string. Two typical strings shown. 559) $17.50
Millifiore Beads Venice, late 1800s. Tubular with "multi-flowered"
pattern. Probably best known of the trade beads, they come in a variety of colors, lengths, variations
of pattern, and even shapes. Quiggin p.39, Opitz p.57-58, Dubin #55. Set 0f different lengths, patterns, including long 50+m, and square piece. 210s) 7 beads:
17.50
Snake Beads Made in Bohemia, late 1800s, cleverly made to
imitate real snake vertebrae which are used
throughout Africa for divination. Bead width 9mm. Strand length 11". Available either pink or purple
or mixed (as shown). 663) 12.00; 664) Smaller beads, 6mm width, available in a
variety of colors & mixtures. Requests OK, but I can not supply particular strands as shown.
$10.00
Iron Beads Nigeria, where any iron item is potentially money,
these are too ugly for adornment! Beads have large central holes, strung on thick fibre, Strand length
about 12" 644a) Beads 13-15mmn, quite rough and variable.
$65; 644b) Beads 5-9mm (shown in scan), some bicone shape
$35
Bauxite Beads Rough earth-red beads from clay rich in aluminium
ore, a distinctive African bead. Nigeria & region. Strands 12+". 626s)
Small 4-6m wide, strand 22" $11.50 626M) Medium Beads 8-10mm wide, strand 28" $14.50; 626L) Large Beads 10-12m wide, and much longer, strand 26-28" $23.50
Aluminium Beads (Ethiopia) In the late 19th Cent. before a cheap extraction process was invented, aluminium was as or more valuable than silver. These look like tarnished silver and may have been worn by Ethiopians as a light-weight substitute. Africans generally ascribe healing properties to metals based on color, and examples of currency objects and bracelets of forms known normally in copper occasionally turn up in well worn aluminium. Bead size ranges 5-7mm square, strands 30-32" 741a) "Soft" square beads, filed or worn $15; 741b) "Hard" square beads, less worn, sharper edges $15; 741s) One strand each $25 (Note: there are strays in each strand.)
Ostrich Eggshell Beads Rough roundish disks of tough eggshell made by the 39,000 year-old "heishi" process of drilling and grinding. One of the oldest bead types and a well-known trade item, asociated in modern times with the Turkana, Samburu, Ovambo tribes of East Africa. Opitz
p.246, Quiggin p.100,107 They range from 6-10mm, about 250-500/strand. Degree of uniformity and cleanliness varies also. Show Variants .638s Set of 10 beads mixed sizes, surfaces, etc. $3.00 638a) Strand: Usual semi-polished with variable sizes; $25.00 638c) Strand: Recent hoard of excavated pieces, matte surfaces and uniform, small size. $25.00 
Talari Beads From Ethiopia, small loops of drawn wire ("hishi") made from nickel-silver. The name comes from the Maria Theresa Taler (Maria Teresa Thaler), an .855 fine silver coin favored in Arabia and northern Africa (& origin of the word "Dollar"). These modern strands are still hand-crafted, but just like the Coptic crosses, are now made of silver alloyed with nickel. Strand length 14+ inches. Tarnished, but will brighten with silver dip. 523a) Hishi beads $12.50; 523b) Barrel beads $12.50; 523s Set of both types, or two strands Hishi type $21.50
Munshi Beads The Tiv (a.k.a. Munshi) tribe of Shima, northern Nigeria used looped brass beads of average 12mm imitating a seed, valued at 1/4 silver Dirhem of the Mediterranean caliphates. Quiggin illustrates them (p.60) and discusses them (p.59) as exceptions to the non-monetary status of African-made beads. In 1968 Johanssen Nigerian Currencies considered them rare. I got one string in the 1980s and until now have not seen another, but just purchased several from a Trader. See B2.14, Opitz p.41, Quiggin p.60 fig.9, Johansson 50, 54, supl14 #65, PS1987/3. 223s) Each: $2.50, 3 diff sizes $6.00; Mini-string of 12 pieces $15.00
Moulay Beads Derived from older Munshi beads of the Tiv, but used farther south. I have found three varieties, probably representing stages in their devolution: a) Large, worn beads 10-14; b) Smaller heads, about 10m, less worn; c) Smooth, wedge-shaped beads which may be "b" filed down; m) Newly made with no signs of wear. 224s) Set of 3 beads from each stage (12), showing variations: $15.00
Shipwreck Beads Tubular, milk-white beads of variable size, these are collected as they wash up on the beaches of the Casamance district of Senegal, along with Green-hearts, another crude, early Venetian trade bead. The circulating beads of the same type are called "Goombah". 649a) Strand (24") of circulated Goombah beads $8.50; 649s) Long strand (32") of sea-damaged Goombah beads, called Casamance beads. Rough, crazed surfaces with a crude charm. ($10 each per 5 strands) Single strand: $11.50
Krobo Beads In Ghana there is a long tradition of imitating European trade beads by sand-casting them from used glass; they are often called pop-bottle beads. This group shows roughness and wear (though not soil, as ALL beads are cleaned before export) so I think they are "somewhat" old. Quite a lot of variation in this lot; samples shown. 12" strings. I will provide good variety if you order multiples. 682c) Single strand $13.50; 3 strands $11 each; 5 strands $10 each; 10 or more $7.50 each
Togo Stone Money White quartz disc with drilled hole, rubbed in reddish earth. Found in hoards, they are likely a very early bead money, though both their original and modern uses are unclear. The Akhan & nearby tribes would find them exposed after heavy rains, and called them "thunderstones," believing they had come from the sky and had healing properties. Rivallain pl.32, Opitz p.275, Quiggin p.60 & pl.3 #3; Der Primitivgeld-sammler 1992/2 p.61 263) "Stone" size: 40-45m, 33-80gm $14.50, or 3/$37.50 263t) STRING of 40 stone-size pieces on native fiber, as obtained from the Africa Traders. An amazing necklace at a great price. (Sample string shown) $225 
Talhakimt Pendants: Glass Large, flat European-made (ca. 1930s?) glass pendant-beads imitating earlier stone and metal currency objects of the Tuaregs of the northern Sahara. Also called tanfouk, Niger glass, and Zinder beads. See Der Primitivgeldsammler 1989/1 p.23 #IV1,3. Opitz p.38, 64, A. Fisher Africa Adorned page 186., and beadazzled site.. Range 47-54m high. Your choice of color / style if in stock. Presently only red, green, and blue available. 212) Per 3+ at $8.50 each; Singles: $10
Talhakimt Pendants: Agate Lovely agate specimens made at Idar-Oberstein, Germany, almost certainly older than the glass. The scans can not show the bands and swirls of orange, brown, and off-white visible when held to the light. Best history I've found is at the beadazzled site. Priced by size: 218aa-ad) (avg. 110x42mm) $45; 218ae-ak) (avg. 85x37mm) $35; 218am-as) (avg. 80x35mm) $30; 218bb-bm) (avg. 67x32mm) $25. Take 15% discount for 2 or more. Second choices, please!
Cowrie Shells (Cyprea Moneta) Used in the Orient, India, Africa,
etc; the most universal coin of all time. These are from Africa and "broken backed" (flattened) for
easier handling. Groups of mixed size, including Cyprea Annulis, a related but slightly more
angular shell 200) 10 pieces $3.50
Kuba Cloth (Mbal) Congo, Kuba Kingdom, Lele tribe. Sundstrom reports the use of Kuba cloth for everyday local purchases, major purchases such as slaves, cattle or ivory, loans, tolls, and for destruction at funerals as "conspicuous consumption." Opitz p.109-111 shows many examples of larger cloths made from original units, and discusses specific uses. Squares of cloth woven from raffia palm leaf fibres, they were called mbal. Today these former monetary units are found sewn into larger compositions and decorated. The decorations (raised plush, sewn-on angular patches, eyelets, etc.) were originally added to hide fraying or holes, but soon evolved into meaningful symbols. Each culture group within the Kuba region had its own style and pattern of decoration. I have divided them into categories by form and style. Still made, the modern (non-monetary) cloth is single-panel. These are attractive decor items and can be used as backgrounds to display other money objects. Check Google for art and textile sellers who charge much more!
Raphia Cloth Money Cataracts region, Congo. Bolt of 96cm
consisting of a central woven rafia mat locked in place by the long end fibres multi-knotted
at either end. Apparently the item discussed in Quiggin (p.56), and pictured in Le Tissage du
Raphia au Congo Belge by Helene Loir (Annales du Musee du Congo Belge Ethnographie Serie
III, 10/1935). Just the knotted end and a bit of the mat are shown in the scan.
292) $39
Jonga Gong Money Tall, gracefully waisted iron gong with raised
point decoration at bottom, made by Jonga smiths as a badge of office for the Nkumi Soc. (regents
and judges). Generally 50cm (20") tall including stem. Quiggin (p.74-75) calls the iron gongs from
the middle Congo and Welle-Ubangi region to the North "doubtful" as currency but notes palm oil,
wives, and slaves purchased for specific numbers of gongs. B5.62; Ballarini (1992, #70) notes currency and ceremonial uses among the Jonga. Westerdijk p.141 #30 (Tetela & Knushu). I have used Ballarini's illustration; the ones in stock are very similar with no flaws, though not polished & without raffia dangle. 367) $145
TALL Double Gong
Somewhat like this piece for overall shape but bells are broader and overlap, and protruding lips at bottom. 372B) 24" tall x 18.5"x wide (60x 47cm), 15 Lbs, moderate rust, some closed cracks, ragged edge one bell (shown), and handle is fragile from old repair. Still an impressive piece that would bring $400-500 if undamaged. $195
Double Gong
Opitz p.81, Ballarini (1992) #71 (left), Westerdijk p.140 #23; see also Quiggin p.75, fig. 15, and for an
extensive discussion, Rivallain LesCollections Monetaires p.17-18. 370F) 210m tall x290mm wide Nice surface with no serious flaws: $125
Single Gong Simple shape with tang at top. Generally similar to Westerdijk p.139 #12-13, 22 which he attributes to the Tetela and Nkutshu of the Congo. 340mm (13.5") tall x 120m, 374C) Three small rust holes; toward bottom lips there appear to be iron plugs inserted, both sides - whether to repair holes or affect the sound quality, I am not sure. $100; 374D) Flattened piece with long tang, and clapper. 22mm (9") tall x 90mm wide, lip on one side very chipped and ragged $45
Noisemaker Ballarini (B2.71, 2.72) covers this as a Chamba iron money item, but I suspect its primary purpose is musical. 330mm (13") tall, consists of ring with flat, unclappered gong, and seven trough-shaped clappers (2 short); 375A) $100
Manform Throwing Knives These appear to be invented forms. They do not really match anything in Felix's Kipinga. The "rooster crest" piece resembles B4.26 attributed to the Kirdi group. I suspect Ballarini's piece also is false. Note the similarity in etchings among these various types. None of these pieces have imperfections, nor deep rust, nor any signs of wear.
Vere Knives (?) These bear some resemblance to B2.69, which are not well referenced themselves. They are nicely made, but the iron shows only the most superficial of rust.
"Mumuye Torch" I am suspicious of this type of object altogether. Ballarini (B2.36) shows several examples, unreferenced, all with apparently superficial rust. I have handled two pieces previously, similar to Ballarini's specimens, and the pieces shown in this photo came from the same seller as the bad manform throwing knives. Perhaps they are a pure invention? Bartolomucci's African Currency, p. 45, notes a specimen as "Gathered on site in eastern Nigeria in the Eighties." One of Ballarini's specimens incorporates an old knife blade, much as the following piece incorporates a genuine old anklet.
Spiral Objects These are all probably invented forms. The spirals appear identical from piece to piece. The bottom specimen incorporates a common noisemaker anklet of obvious age, though the rest of the piece looks new.
Mumuye Collars Are these also pure inventions? Ballarini shows a variety of forms, but no references before 2000. Can such amazing objects have escaped the notice of travellers and scholars until now? Some of the specimens I have handled had end pieces with arrows, twists, sockets and the like (one damaged) found on Idoma or "Lobi snakes", but these could be welded to modern-made collars. Here are three pieces I passed up:
308X
308X2
308X3